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Outline

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You will be compiling your bibliography and creating an outline of the changes you will make in this sandbox.

My plan: Add a couple of paragraphs about the spotted hyena’s behavioral response to stress within the behavior heading and social behavior subheading.

Paragraph 1: Briefly go over the basics of the impact hormones have on physiology and behavior

  • Short-term cortisol levels can be measured by a variety of collection methods
    • Fecal, fGC (noninvasive) [1]
    • Salivary (novel)
    • Blood (invasive and causes stress)
  • Corticosteroid levels can fluctuate predictably in response to life-history states (sexual maturity, pregnancy, etc.), but also in response to environmental conditions
  • The purpose of incorporating endocrine studies into the work of conservationists is typically focused on monitoring reproduction, but there is work also being done to monitor the physiological impacts of stress [2]
  • Short-term impacts of elevated GC levels: suppress growth and digestion [2]
  • Long-term impacts of elevated GC levels: impaired immune response, aging, inflammation


Behavior can also be an indicator of hormonal shifts caused by a variety of stressors

Paragraph 2: Go into 3 main stressors (social, environmental, and anthropogenic stress) that have been studied for their impact on spotted hyena behavior Evol&Glass (talk) 15:41, 25 September 2024 (UTC)this section looks packed with amazing information. I would actually have each stressor as a subsection, and give one summary sentence before expanding. for example, environmental stressors can include reductions in food availability and predators. then expand on each.

I would lead with this section, then you can go into the measurements of stress as a followup, or you can disperse the information throughout the paragraph 2 section (with paragraph 2 becoming a section, and each topic within becoming a subsection).

  • Social stress
    • Due to the complex organization of hyena social hierarchies, social instability in their clans appears to apply stress to them [3]
    • Social instability can arise during periods where the matriarch has died, the years leading up to maturity of a nepotistic cub, or other atypical situations in a clan [3]
      • Matriarch dies but not a frequently recurring event because of lifespan and nepotism builds in successors [4]
    • Intraspecific aggression, short-term cortisol lowered in individual emitting aggression and increased in individual receiving aggression [1]
  • Environmental stress
    • Migratory herbivores are only present in any populations territory in the Serengeti for ¼ of the year and any resident herbivores are not abundant enough to feed even an entire clan [3]
      • This is historically a predictable stressor, but is now becoming more unpredictable with altered length and conditions of the wet and dry seasons for migratory prey species [5]
    • Humans and lions are the primary causes of hyena death [2]
      • ** Coming in contact with predators (lions) is also an unpredictable stressor, but hyenas were shown to not alter their territory use in this paper, so i will look into this more to see if it is important to stress behavioral alteration
  • Anthropogenic stress / human activity
  • This is an unpredictable stressors because of the way that humans organize themselves is foreign (urbanization) and the way that humans interact with them can be predatory [3]
    • To avoid cattle herders, hyenas have shown to wait in vegetative cover until they have ceases grazing to avoid interacting with them [6]
  • Causes them to alter behavior in response to novel environments, innovation [7]
    • ** I have just started to read the papers on the fitness consequences and physiological responses related to innovation, so I will add more as I annotate those articles

Paragraph 3: Brief conclusions to wrap together hormones, stress, and behavioral response Evol&Glass (talk) 15:41, 25 September 2024 (UTC)wrapping everything together at the end is a really nice way to conclude the section. it also provides additional information that is helpful for thinking about the stressors on pops moving forward. nice work on the outline!

  • Behavioral plasticity, specifically in response to a variety of stressors, could protect species like the spotted hyena from extinction in our rapidly changing landscape [6]
  • Spotted hyenas as an example of the level of behavioral plasticity, innovation, etc. needed to survive in the face of climate change
  • Shifts in typical behavior can be made to increase fitness in response to a change in environment, which is interesting from an evolutionary standpoint, but we must not overlook that these changes may be in response to negative environmental factors like increased human interaction and land loss

Bibliography

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Edit this section to compile the bibliography for your Wikipedia assignment. Add the name and/or notes about what each source covers, then use the "Cite" button to generate the citation for that source.


1) Boydston, E. E., Kapheim, K. M., Watts, H. E., Szykman, M., & Holekamp, K. E. (2003). Altered behaviour in spotted hyenas associated with increased human activity. Animal Conservation. [6]


2) Gicquel, M., East, M. L., Hofer, H., Cubaynes, S., & Benhaiem, S. (2022). Climate change does not decouple interactions between a central‐place‐foraging predator and its migratory prey. Ecosphere. [8]


3) Goymann, W., East, M. L., Wachter, B., Höner, O. P., Möstl, E., & Hofer, H. (2003). Social status does not predict corticosteroid levels in postdispersal male spotted hyenas. Hormones and Behavior. [4]


4) Laubach, Z. M., Greenberg, J. R., Turner, J. W., Montgomery, T. M., Pioon, M. O., Sawdy, M. A., Smale, L., Cavalcante, R. G., Padmanabhan, K. R., Lalancette, C., vonHoldt, B., Faulk, C. D., Dolinoy, D. C., Holekamp, K. E., & Perng, W. (2021). Early-life social experience affects offspring DNA methylation and later life stress phenotype. Nature Communications [9]

5) McCormick, S. K., & Holekamp, K. E. (2022). Aggressiveness and submissiveness in spotted hyaenas: one trait or two? Animal Behaviour, 186, 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.012[10]


6) Montgomery, T. M., Greenberg, J. R., Gunson, J. L., John, K., Laubach, Z. M., Nonnamaker, E., Person, E. S., Rogers, H., Ronis, E. M., Smale, L., Steinfield, K. R., Strong, R., Holekamp, K. E., & Beehner, J. C. (2022). Measuring salivary cortisol in wild carnivores. Hormones and Behavior. [1]


7) Montgomery, T. M., Kenna, Gregg, S., Keyser, K., McTigue, L. E., Beehner, J. C., & Holekamp, K. E. (2023). Determinants of hyena participation in risky collective action. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. [11]

8) van Jaarsveld, A. S., & Skinner, J. D. (1992). Adrenocorticol responsiveness to immobilization stress in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology.[12]


9) Van Meter, P. E., French, J. A., Dloniak, S. M., Watts, H. E., Kolowski, J. M., & Holekamp, K. E. (2009). Fecal glucocorticoids reflect socio-ecological and anthropogenic stressors in the lives of wild spotted hyenas. Hormones and Behavior. [2]


10) Wahaj, SofiaA., Van Horn, RussellC., Van Horn, ToniL., Dreyer, R., Hilgris, R., Schwarz, J., & Holekamp, K. E. (2004). Kin discrimination in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta): nepotism among siblings. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology [13]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Montgomery, Tracy M.; Greenberg, Julia R.; Gunson, Jessica L.; John, Kecil; Laubach, Zachary M.; Nonnamaker, Emily; Person, Erin S.; Rogers, Heidi; Ronis, Emily M.; Smale, Laura; Steinfield, Katherine R.; Strong, Robyn; Holekamp, Kay E.; Beehner, Jacinta C. (2022). "Measuring salivary cortisol in wild carnivores". Hormones and Behavior. 137: 105082. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105082.
  2. ^ a b c d Van Meter, Page E.; French, Jeffrey A.; Dloniak, Stephanie M.; Watts, Heather E.; Kolowski, Joseph M.; Holekamp, Kay E. (2009). "Fecal glucocorticoids reflect socio-ecological and anthropogenic stressors in the lives of wild spotted hyenas". Hormones and Behavior. 55 (2): 329–337. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.11.001. PMC 2987620. PMID 19056392.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  3. ^ a b c d Goymann, Wolfgang; East, Marion L.; Wachter, Bettina; Höner, Oliver P.; Möstl, Erich; Van't Holf, Thomas J.; Hofer, Heribert (2001-12-07). "Social, state-dependent and environmental modulation of faecal corticosteroid levels in free-ranging female spotted hyenas". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1484): 2453–2459. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1828. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1088899. PMID 11747563.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  4. ^ a b Goymann, Wolfgang; East, Marion L; Wachter, Bettina; Höner, Oliver P; Möstl, Erich; Hofer, Heribert (2003-04-01). "Social status does not predict corticosteroid levels in postdispersal male spotted hyenas". Hormones and Behavior. 43 (4): 474–479. doi:10.1016/S0018-506X(03)00032-1. ISSN 0018-506X.
  5. ^ Kauffman, Matthew J.; Aikens, Ellen O.; Esmaeili, Saeideh; Kaczensky, Petra; Middleton, Arthur; Monteith, Kevin L.; Morrison, Thomas A.; Mueller, Thomas; Sawyer, Hall; Goheen, Jacob R. (2021-11-02). "Causes, Consequences, and Conservation of Ungulate Migration". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 52 (1): 453–478. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-011516. ISSN 1543-592X.
  6. ^ a b c Boydston, Erin E.; Kapheim, Karen M.; Watts, Heather E.; Szykman, Micaela; Holekamp, Kay E. (2003). "Altered behaviour in spotted hyenas associated with increased human activity". Animal Conservation. 6 (3): 207–219. doi:10.1017/S1367943003003263. ISSN 1367-9430.
  7. ^ Johnson-Ulrich, Lily; Yirga, Gidey; Strong, Robyn L.; Holekamp, Kay E. (2021-09). "The effect of urbanization on innovation in spotted hyenas". Animal Cognition. 24 (5): 1027–1038. doi:10.1007/s10071-021-01494-4. ISSN 1435-9448. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Gicquel, Morgane; East, Marion L.; Hofer, Heribert; Cubaynes, Sarah; Benhaiem, Sarah (2022). "Climate change does not decouple interactions between a central‐place‐foraging predator and its migratory prey". Ecosphere. 13 (4). doi:10.1002/ecs2.4012. ISSN 2150-8925.
  9. ^ Laubach, Zachary M.; Greenberg, Julia R.; Turner, Julie W.; Montgomery, Tracy M.; Pioon, Malit O.; Sawdy, Maggie A.; Smale, Laura; Cavalcante, Raymond G.; Padmanabhan, Karthik R.; Lalancette, Claudia; vonHoldt, Bridgett; Faulk, Christopher D.; Dolinoy, Dana C.; Holekamp, Kay E.; Perng, Wei (2021). "Early-life social experience affects offspring DNA methylation and later life stress phenotype". Nature Communications. 12 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24583-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8292380. PMID 34285226.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  10. ^ McCormick, S. Kevin; Holekamp, Kay E. (2022). "Aggressiveness and submissiveness in spotted hyaenas: one trait or two?". Animal Behaviour. 186: 179–190. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.012.
  11. ^ Montgomery, Tracy M.; Lehmann, Kenna D. S.; Gregg, Samantha; Keyser, Kathleen; McTigue, Leah E.; Beehner, Jacinta C.; Holekamp, Kay E. (2023-11-29). "Determinants of hyena participation in risky collective action". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (2011). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.1390. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 10685128. PMID 38018101.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  12. ^ van Jaarsveld, Albert S; Skinner, John D (1992). "Adrenocorticol responsiveness to immobilization stress in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 103 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(92)90243-J.
  13. ^ Wahaj, Sofia A.; Van Horn, Russell C.; Van Horn, Toni L.; Dreyer, Rachel; Hilgris, Ryan; Schwarz, Jessica; Holekamp, Kay E. (2004). "Kin discrimination in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta): nepotism among siblings". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 56 (3). doi:10.1007/s00265-004-0783-8. ISSN 0340-5443.

Outline of proposed changes

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Click on the edit button to draft your outline.

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